Ethereum's Fusaka Upgrade Boosts Scalability with Dynamic Fees

The Ethereum network has undergone significant changes to improve its scalability and efficiency. The Fusaka upgrade replaced the static 1-wei floor for blob fees with a dynamic minimum tied to L1 execution costs, ensuring that blob consumers pay a meaningful fraction of the market rate for computation. This change prevents the cold-start problem where the market fails to respond to sudden demand.

The PeerDAS mechanism changes how nodes handle data by sampling small, random portions rather than downloading full blobs. This method uses Reed-Solomon erasure coding to split extended blob data into 128 columns distributed across dedicated gossip subnets. Each regular node subscribes to 8 of these subnets and holds 1/8th of the total data.

The network is also increasing its blob capacity through Blob Parameter Only (BPO) forks, adjusting the target and maximum blob counts without requiring a full hard fork. BPO1 increases the target to 10 and the maximum to 15, while BPO2 pushes these values to 14 and 21. These upgrades follow the mainnet activation on December 3, 2025.