Millet Supply Chain Revolutionized with Four-Layer Digital Architecture

A new four-layer digital architecture is transforming the traditional millet supply chain into a fully traceable and transparent network. The system, developed by researchers Suchit Kumar Singh, Rakesh Kumar Lenka, Soubhagya Ranjan Mallick, and Pramod K. Pandey, digitizes millet supply chain management from farm production to final consumer distribution.

The four-layer architecture is composed of sensor and IoT devices (Layer 1), edge computing (Layer 2), central cloud (Layer 3), and blockchain (Layer 4). This configuration delivers efficiency gains compared to standard single-tier or cloud-only models. By scaling the edge layer from one to four nodes for 500 connected IoT devices, end-to-end execution latency drops by 29.5%, down from 880 ms to 620 ms.

The system achieves a peak transaction throughput of 165 transactions per second (TPS) while reducing required on-chain storage from 175 MB to 55 MB per 1,000 transactions. Consumer QR-code scanning via the blockchain layer delivers traceability responses in 560 ms, a 39.1% speed improvement over traditional blockchain setups.